For learning English grammar & English language you should have a clear & good idea about Parts of Speech. Now I am discussing parts of speech in general & detail on the “Word” Level.
General Description of Parts of Speech:
Parts of speech are of eight kinds. As for example:
1. Noun: It is a word which names any person or thing. Example: Man, book, Banglasesh, honesty, kindness etc.
2. Pronoun is a word used for a noun or a clause ( a group of words having verb).
Example: Rahim didn’t come to school.
He was sick.
He failed, which broke his heart.
( Here He & which are pronouns)
3. Adjective is a word that expresses bad or good quality, situation, number, quantity of a noun or a pronoun.
Example: He is a rich man.
He drinks much water.
He has a book. (Here rich, much, ‘a’ are adjectives
4. Verb is a word meaning action.
Example: Go, come, do etc.
5. Adverb is a word qualifying verb, adjective or adverb without noun or pronoun.
Example: Slowly, quickly, very, fast, well, soon, always etc.
6. Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to other words in the sentence.
Example: to, in, from, at, by etc.
7. Conjunction is a word which joins words, phrases or clauses.
Example: He said this to Rahim and Kamrim.
I sat behind him but in front of you.
As he was ill, he couldn't go to school.
8. Interjection is a word expressing some sudden feeling or emotion.
Example: Alas! Bravo, Hurrah etc.
Parts of Speech in detail
NOUN
On the basis of the state of being within sense perception, mainly noun is of two kinds. Example: 1. Concrete Noun is the name of something which has bodily existence & can be perceived through sense organs. Example: Book, pen, house etc.
**Again Concrete Noun is divided into four kinds:
1. Proper Noun: Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. Kamal is a good boy.
2. Common Noun: The cow is a domestic animal. Azad is a famous doctor.
3. Collective Noun: You joined the army. Our team has won the game.
4. Material Noun: We eat rice. Iron is a useful metal.
5. Abstract Noun is usually the name of quality, action or state, has no bodily existence & can’t be perceived through sense organs.
Example: 1. Forgiveness is divine.
2. Honesty is the best policy.
3. Freedom is man’s birthright
4. Happiness consists in contentment.
Here forgiveness, honesty is the names of virtues & freedom & happiness express the names of the state. So all these are abstract nouns.
How to form Abstract Noun:
** Generally Abstract Noun is made by using ness, tion, hood, ship, dom, ment , ism, th, ty, ce, cy etc. at the end of noun, adjective, verb. Such as-
Kind………………. Kindness
Boy ……………….. Boyhood
Friend…………….. Friendship
Agent………………. Agency
Educate……………. Education
Poor………………. Poverty
**Again on the basis of number noun is of two kinds. Example:
1. Countable noun is a noun that we can count: dog, boy, book etc.
2. Uncountable noun is a noun that is not countable but we can measure & feel by the sense and imagination: kindness, rice, air, honesty.
Generally material and abstract noun are uncountable noun.
* Countable noun can be singular or plural & uncountable noun is always singular.
Pronoun
Pronoun is of eight kinds. Such as-
1. Personal pronouns: I, we, mine, me, us, our, ours(1st Person), you, your, yours, thy, thee(2nd person), he, she, they, her, him, his, their, theirs, it etc.
2. Reflexive & Emphatic Pronoun:
Reflexive Pronoun: He killed himself. Try yourself.
Emphatic Pronoun: I myself did the sum. He himself went there.
3. Indefinite Pronoun: Anybody, nobody, none, some, somebody, everything, few, all, many, etc.
4. Relative Pronoun: The boy who comes here is my brother.
The man whom I saw yesterday is a doctor.
I buy a pen which is very nice.
5. Demonstrative Pronoun: This is my pen.
That is your umbrella.
Please don’t repeat the same thing. Those are green mangoes.
6. Interrogative Pronoun: What is your name?
How are you?
Why do you go there?
7. Distributive Pronoun: Each, either, neither etc.
8. Reciprocal Pronoun: Each other & one another.
Adjective
Adjective is of mainly four kinds. Such as-
1. Descriptive adjective or adjective of quality:
He is a rich man.
I amhonest.
2.Quantitative adjective or adjective of quantity:
The man has muchmoney.
She drinks a little water.
Give me some advice.
3. Numeral adjective or adjective of number:
He is the first boy.
I eat fivemangoes.
The man leads a single life.
4. Pronominal adjective: This boy is brave.
That pen is nice.
Which pen did you buy?
What fruit do you like?
Whose pen have you taken?
Verb
What is verb? Verb is a word or phrase indicating an action, an event, or a state,
e.g. happen, take, speak etc.
If we look at the Verb Tree below, we can get a good idea about Verbs. Besides,
to know about the various kinds of verbs in detail, please click on the Verb Detail.
Verb Tree
Adverb is a word qualifying verb, adjective or adverb without noun or pronoun. Example: Slowly, quickly, very, fast, well, soon, always etc.
Classification of Adverb:
Adverbs are divided into three classes according to their use.
a) Simple or Independent Adverb are those that merely modify some words or sentences. Example: I can run fast. Unfortunately, he failed in the examination.
b) Conjunction or Relative Adverbs are those that not only modify a word but also connect two clauses. Then when the antecedent is expressed, the adverb is Relative. On the other hand, when the antecedent is not expressed, it is conjunctive.
Example: I know why he did it. Here the antecedent is not expressed. So here 'why' is conjunctive adverb.
I know the reason why he did it.Here antecedent is expressed. So 'why' is Relative adverb.
c) Interrogative Adverbs are those that are used asking questions direct and indirect.
Example: Why are you late? How do you do it?
Preposition
Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to other words in the sentence. Example: to, in, from, at, by etc.
There are six different classes of Propositions:
i) Simple Preposition: at, by, with, on, from etc.
ii) Double Preposition: Sometimes two simple prepositons are united to express the sense. Such as: He came from behind the wall. A voice came from within my heart.
iii) Compound Preposition: Across (= on + cross), along (on + long), about (= on + by + out ), before(=by + fore), between (=by + twain), beside(= by + side), within (= with+ in), etc.
iv) Preposition Phrase or Phrase Preposition: On account of, instead of, owing to , by dint of, in accordance with, by means of etc.
v) Participle Preposition: Do you know anything concerning or regarding the proposal? The river flows past the town.
vi) Disguised Preposition: He comes twice a week ( a- per).
Conjunction
Conjunction is a word which joins word, phrase (group of words), clause (part of sentence) in a sentence. Example:
Jack and Alex are two friends. Jack is poor but honest.
Classification:
Conjunction is of mainly three kinds. Such as-
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i) Co-coordinating Conjunction: and, but, or, nor, as well as, both etc.
ii) Subordinating Conjunction: as, because, if, whether, since, before, so that, that, though, although etc.
iii) Correlative Conjunction: both……. And, either….. or, neither……nor, not only…… but also, the same….. as, whether….. or not, so … that, such…. That, no sooner… than, , hardly….. when, scarcely …. When, as soon…. as, though…..yet, such….as etc.
Interjection
Interjection is those words expressing sudden feelings of mind.
Example:
Hurrah! We have won the match.
Alas! I am undone.
Fie! Fie! You are so mean.
Tut! Tut! It is a rotten egg.
Hello! Where are you now? Hush! The boss is coming.
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